LINK.TL
LINK.TL is one of the best and highest URL shortener website.It pays up to $16 for every 1000 views.You just have to sign up for free.You can earn by shortening your long URL into short and you can paste that URL into your website, blogs or social media networking sites, like facebook, twitter, and google plus etc.
One of the best thing about this site is its referral system.They offer 10% referral commission.You can withdraw your amount when it reaches $5.- Payout for 1000 views-$16
- Minimum payout-$5
- Referral commission-10%
- Payout methods-Paypal, Payza, and Skrill
- Payment time-daily basis
Adf.ly
Adf.ly is the oldest and one of the most trusted URL Shortener Service for making money by shrinking your links. Adf.ly provides you an opportunity to earn up to $5 per 1000 views. However, the earnings depend upon the demographics of users who go on to click the shortened link by Adf.ly.
It offers a very comprehensive reporting system for tracking the performance of your each shortened URL. The minimum payout is kept low, and it is $5. It pays on 10th of every month. You can receive your earnings via PayPal, Payza, or AlertPay. Adf.ly also runs a referral program wherein you can earn a flat 20% commission for each referral for a lifetime.CPMlink
CPMlink is one of the most legit URL shortener sites.You can sign up for free.It works like other shortener sites.You just have to shorten your link and paste that link into the internet.When someone will click on your link.
You will get some amount of that click.It pays around $5 for every 1000 views.They offer 10% commission as the referral program.You can withdraw your amount when it reaches $5.The payment is then sent to your PayPal, Payza or Skrill account daily after requesting it.- The payout for 1000 views-$5
- Minimum payout-$5
- Referral commission-10%
- Payment methods-Paypal, Payza, and Skrill
- Payment time-daily
Short.pe
Short.pe is one of the most trusted sites from our top 30 highest paying URL shorteners.It pays on time.intrusting thing is that same visitor can click on your shorten link multiple times.You can earn by sign up and shorten your long URL.You just have to paste that URL to somewhere.
You can paste it into your website, blog, or social media networking sites.They offer $5 for every 1000 views.You can also earn 20% referral commission from this site.Their minimum payout amount is only $1.You can withdraw from Paypal, Payza, and Payoneer.- The payout for 1000 views-$5
- Minimum payout-$1
- Referral commission-20% for lifetime
- Payment methods-Paypal, Payza, and Payoneer
- Payment time-on daily basis
Wi.cr
Wi.cr is also one of the 30 highest paying URL sites.You can earn through shortening links.When someone will click on your link.You will be paid.They offer $7 for 1000 views.Minimum payout is $5.
You can earn through its referral program.When someone will open the account through your link you will get 10% commission.Payment option is PayPal.- Payout for 1000 views-$7
- Minimum payout-$5
- Referral commission-10%
- Payout method-Paypal
- Payout time-daily
Ouo.io
Ouo.io is one of the fastest growing URL Shortener Service. Its pretty domain name is helpful in generating more clicks than other URL Shortener Services, and so you get a good opportunity for earning more money out of your shortened link. Ouo.io comes with several advanced features as well as customization options.
With Ouo.io you can earn up to $8 per 1000 views. It also counts multiple views from same IP or person. With Ouo.io is becomes easy to earn money using its URL Shortener Service. The minimum payout is $5. Your earnings are automatically credited to your PayPal or Payoneer account on 1st or 15th of the month.- Payout for every 1000 views-$5
- Minimum payout-$5
- Referral commission-20%
- Payout time-1st and 15th date of the month
- Payout options-PayPal and Payza
Short.am
Short.am provides a big opportunity for earning money by shortening links. It is a rapidly growing URL Shortening Service. You simply need to sign up and start shrinking links. You can share the shortened links across the web, on your webpage, Twitter, Facebook, and more. Short.am provides detailed statistics and easy-to-use API.
It even provides add-ons and plugins so that you can monetize your WordPress site. The minimum payout is $5 before you will be paid. It pays users via PayPal or Payoneer. It has the best market payout rates, offering unparalleled revenue. Short.am also run a referral program wherein you can earn 20% extra commission for life.Linkbucks
Linkbucks is another best and one of the most popular sites for shortening URLs and earning money. It boasts of high Google Page Rank as well as very high Alexa rankings. Linkbucks is paying $0.5 to $7 per 1000 views, and it depends on country to country.
The minimum payout is $10, and payment method is PayPal. It also provides the opportunity of referral earnings wherein you can earn 20% commission for a lifetime. Linkbucks runs advertising programs as well.- The payout for 1000 views-$3-9
- Minimum payout-$10
- Referral commission-20%
- Payment options-PayPal,Payza,and Payoneer
- Payment-on the daily basis
Clk.sh
Clk.sh is a newly launched trusted link shortener network, it is a sister site of shrinkearn.com. I like ClkSh because it accepts multiple views from same visitors. If any one searching for Top and best url shortener service then i recommend this url shortener to our users. Clk.sh accepts advertisers and publishers from all over the world. It offers an opportunity to all its publishers to earn money and advertisers will get their targeted audience for cheapest rate. While writing ClkSh was offering up to $8 per 1000 visits and its minimum cpm rate is $1.4. Like Shrinkearn, Shorte.st url shorteners Clk.sh also offers some best features to all its users, including Good customer support, multiple views counting, decent cpm rates, good referral rate, multiple tools, quick payments etc. ClkSh offers 30% referral commission to its publishers. It uses 6 payment methods to all its users.- Payout for 1000 Views: Upto $8
- Minimum Withdrawal: $5
- Referral Commission: 30%
- Payment Methods: PayPal, Payza, Skrill etc.
- Payment Time: Daily
Friday, March 29, 2019
9 Highest Paying URL Shortener to Earn Money Online
Zombtober- Zombie Stripper!
Not to be outdone, here's my offering for the first week of Zombtober: the Zombie Stripper from Studio Miniatures.
We picked her up during the Z-Clips Kickstarter, and she was a model I was really looking forward to painting this one up. Maybe it's just an extension of the "dead hookers of Malifaux" for me, but It was one I really wanted to do.
Full Frontal Zombitity! |
Not surprisingly, there wasn't a whole lot to paint. Tons of skin and not much else. A bit simple of a model, but it let me test out a painting technique I wanted to use on something else, and got it up in the day and a half I had to manage this.
Welcome To Flights Of Fantasy Books & Games!
Flights of Fantasy is Now a
Pokemon Go Destination!
MTG RAvnica NEWS!
Ravnica Allegiance is a 264 card set. Darkness is coming to Ravnica. A conflict that could tear apart the world itself looms large, and the fragile peace between the guilds is strained to its breaking point. Now, with everything on the line, it`s time to step up, prove your loyalty, and fight for your guild.
BUY-A-BOX
BUY-A-BOX
For MTG trade/buy/store credit please contact Maria or Dave thru the store or availability (excluding Saturday mornings)
If you want cash, you must accept Paypal!
MTG PLAYERS!
We have millions of MTG cards in stock from Alpha thru current set and will be online soon with a TCG E-store at www.tcgplayer.com.
Come on by and check them out!
CHECK OUT OUR EXCITING NEW FEATURE!
Games with James!
Games with James!
Flights of Fantasy's Store Clerk James gives you the low-down on great games available right in the store!
Flights of Fantasy now has signed copies of the following authors' books:
Elizabeth Bear Anne Bishop Ben Bova Peter Brett David Brin Kristen Britain Terry Brooks Lois McMaster Bujold Patricia Bray Chelsea CainBarbara Campbell James Cambias Cinda Williams Chima David Coe Glen Cook Larry Correia Julie Czerneda Charles De Lint David Drake Sarah Beth Durst Ian Esselmont Steven Erikson Charles Gannon Max Gladstone Alex Gordon | Charlaine Harris Eloisa James Les Johnson Sharon Lee & Steve Miller Gregory Maguire L. E. Modesitt Garth Nix John Ringo Pamela Sargent Robert Sawyer Alex Shvartsman Rik Spoor Kristine Smith Allen Steele Charles Vess Jo Walton David Weber Chelsea Quinn Yarbro George Zebrowski |
Check out our web store of collectibles here. To waive shipping, email us at fof.net@gmail.com, then visit the store to pay for and pick up your item!
Find us on www.tcgplayer.com with our online store
Search Sellers : FlightsOfFantasy or: https://shop.tcgplayer.com/sellerfeedback/13dc220f
We are located at 381 Sand Creek Road, Albany, NY 12205.
Find us on Google Maps!
And check out our weekly gaming events!
Chris' Absolutley Abysmal Toy Fair Coverage
Sometimes, you see something so astonishingly bad, so terribly misinformed, so very little effort put into it, that you can't just ignore it.
From February 17-20, NYC hosted the annual American International Toy Fair, and amazingly Chris got invited. I guess Puppet Steve is that popular? Toy Fair is invite-only by the way.
If you recall his E3 coverage, it's pretty similar. Well, without all the interviews because I doubt Chris has enough clout to tell random people "Can you pretend this puppet is real and it's interviewing you?" He's not the Jim Henson Company or Robert Smigel.
But it is loaded with all the usual misinformation that Chris is known for. What fun!
I won't go over every video, my sanity can only take so much. It's more the lowlights.
This year, Chris did something different and did some live coverage using YouTube's streaming feature. It went about as well as you might expect, in that it was a total disaster.
The video quality looked like a cell phone from 2006. It lagged in spots, causing commentary to go out. Everything was blurry. Perhaps it's why Chris stopped after 11 videos and just went to post-production commentary. This will hurt him.
Chris barely even tried the Steve voice. He was basically doing his normal voice but with "attitude". Was he afraid of people staring at him?
He also shows that he still can't ad-lib to save his life. Every toy he looked at was "super cool". Not just cool, "super cool". Chris really does feel like the embodiment of Steve Buscemi's "How do you do, fellow kids" scene...
Most of the live coverage was FNAF related, because of course it was. He still calls Chica a guy (how long has he been doing this?)
There's also Bendy coverage, Stikbots (whatever those are), toys based on Hello Neighbor (why?), and then we get into the reaaaal bad shit with a video on Transformers. It features one of the major problems with his coverage, Chris not getting names right or even trying to say their names even though they're written right on the box. My informant notes how he just says "this Predacon" when the box clearly has their names. That is some next level lazy.
Even the clickbait title is lazy, using The Last Knight. Even though the toys have nothing do with that movie, and even then the movie came out months ago and it wasn't popular.
He followed that up with a video on Nickelodeon toys, specifically based on 90's Nicktoons. The mistakes really start adding up here. Referring to "Aaahh!!! Real Monsters" as just "the Real Monsters show", getting Oblina's name wrong (pronouncing it Oblika), and referring to Gerald from Hey Arnold as simply "Arnold's friend". Not like he was an important character or anything!
Following that one is a video on new Marvel Legends figures based on the Marvel Cinematic Universe, and Chris' commentary makes it sound like he hasn't watched a single MCU movie.
It starts with him referring to Red Skull as "Red Hood", that's DC you fuck! Then he calls Ronan the Accuser "the villain from the second Thor movie". That was Malekith, and he looks nothing like Ronan. Ronan was the villain of Guardians of the Galaxy.
Then he shows a two-pack of Thor & Sif, and openly says he doesn't remember her name. I'll explain why this is bullshit soon.
Then he calls Yellow Jacket "the evil Ant-Man". Good lord, I know the MCU has a problem with creating memorable villains but you're not even trying!
The reason that Sif line, and really getting all these names wrong are complete bullshit, is that you can clearly see the names on the boxes! They're right behind the figures! How are you THIS terrible at this Chris? Is there something wrong with you?
Then a video on Lego sets (actual Lego, not the off-brand stuff) with cringy sketches involving his custom Lego Puppet Steve. He actually brought it with him just to do that... that is so lame.
He looks at $100 Harry Potter set, makes the old as fuck "Dumbledore is Gandalf" joke (that joke is old enough to have children), gets more things wrong like not recognizing Nearly Headless Nick or Professor Quirrel (you know, the villain of the first book & movie!) There's a reason these are problems I'll get into later...
"The cool spell hat" That's the Sorting Hat! Come on!
Then he shows Jurassic Park/World sets. The first one he refers to as "Manor house museum". Even though the box clearly says "Indoraptor Rampage at Lockwood Estate". He makes a terrible joke about the dinosaur bones being their "mummy". Even though those are Indoraptors, and the skeleton is a triceratops. You're not even trying!
He refers to the park security as "FBI agents". Unless there's FBI agents in the upcoming movie, then they're not FBI.
Then he looks at another set that he refers to as "Paradactyl Chase". Nooo it's called Pteranodon Chase, it says it right there on the box! Also, you don't pronounce the P in Pterodactyl or Pteranodon you hack.
Then another set that clearly has the Tyrannosaurus Rex, but he just refers to it as "dinosaurs". Come on Chris, the T-Rex is the mascot! You can't seriously be this lazy!
And now we get to the video that inspired me to make this post. One about new Pokemon toys. Bores and Pokemon, you know this will go well.
It all goes wrong when he refers to a Togetic figure as "full-grown Togepi". Just... wow. Not to mention wrong because Togetic isn't the final form anymore, it's Togekiss. Hell it's been Togekiss for 12 years now.
Then he refers to Marill as "Pikablu". What... year ... is it? I can't believe there's still someone that unironically uses Pikablu. Holy fuck.
Then he doesn't even try with Chinchou and Pidgey, simply calling them "this guy". You don't even know Pidgey? Come on!
Though he recognizes Staryu, he fails on Wurmple, Charjabug, Salandit, and Togedemaru.
Pichu is simply "the baby Pikachu", and he fails to name Larvitar and Pikipek
By the end of it, he doesn't even try to name Carvanha, Stufful, and Bounsweet.
Look, I get not knowing the Gen 7 Pokemon so easily, I would have trouble too as I have barely played the Gen 7 games (I found them so boring). But see I know how to do a little something called... research! If I don't know something, I look into it. And this is the problem I wanted to address with these videos.
They're very clearly done in post-production, with post-commentary and visual edits. This isn't the live stuff he tried during Toy Fair. Chris purposely recorded all these videos with misinformation, not caring if the name was on the box, or if the name could easily be looked up. He could have bothered to look up Togetic or Marill or Pidgey or all the Alola Pokemon, but he didn't even try. He could have double checked who these MCU characters were, or those Predacons, but he didn't lift a finger. This further showcases how Puppet Steve is nothing more than low effort garbage that acts as dangling keys for easily-entertained kids.
Chris as a content producer has completely given up. He's not even accomplishing the bare minimum. As awful as Irate Gamer was, at least there was a small sense of trying. It wasn't good, but at least you could somewhat tell he tried. This is Chris not even doing that. Does he no longer have pride in his own work? Or is this just shit to pay the bills because his ghost hunting garbage will never get off the ground.
EDIT: Seems I spoke too soon about interviews. He actually did one! But not as Puppet Steve. In fact, it's pretty clear that Steve is in there via green screen, and when it cuts to a close up of the interviewee, you see Chris' hand holding an iPhone (instead of a mic). When Steve is on screen, the interviewee is looking down. That must have been awkward. "Hey can I film you looking down at something even though nothing is there?" "Why?" "Just do it!"
From February 17-20, NYC hosted the annual American International Toy Fair, and amazingly Chris got invited. I guess Puppet Steve is that popular? Toy Fair is invite-only by the way.
If you recall his E3 coverage, it's pretty similar. Well, without all the interviews because I doubt Chris has enough clout to tell random people "Can you pretend this puppet is real and it's interviewing you?" He's not the Jim Henson Company or Robert Smigel.
But it is loaded with all the usual misinformation that Chris is known for. What fun!
I won't go over every video, my sanity can only take so much. It's more the lowlights.
This year, Chris did something different and did some live coverage using YouTube's streaming feature. It went about as well as you might expect, in that it was a total disaster.
The video quality looked like a cell phone from 2006. It lagged in spots, causing commentary to go out. Everything was blurry. Perhaps it's why Chris stopped after 11 videos and just went to post-production commentary. This will hurt him.
Chris barely even tried the Steve voice. He was basically doing his normal voice but with "attitude". Was he afraid of people staring at him?
He also shows that he still can't ad-lib to save his life. Every toy he looked at was "super cool". Not just cool, "super cool". Chris really does feel like the embodiment of Steve Buscemi's "How do you do, fellow kids" scene...
Most of the live coverage was FNAF related, because of course it was. He still calls Chica a guy (how long has he been doing this?)
There's also Bendy coverage, Stikbots (whatever those are), toys based on Hello Neighbor (why?), and then we get into the reaaaal bad shit with a video on Transformers. It features one of the major problems with his coverage, Chris not getting names right or even trying to say their names even though they're written right on the box. My informant notes how he just says "this Predacon" when the box clearly has their names. That is some next level lazy.
Even the clickbait title is lazy, using The Last Knight. Even though the toys have nothing do with that movie, and even then the movie came out months ago and it wasn't popular.
He followed that up with a video on Nickelodeon toys, specifically based on 90's Nicktoons. The mistakes really start adding up here. Referring to "Aaahh!!! Real Monsters" as just "the Real Monsters show", getting Oblina's name wrong (pronouncing it Oblika), and referring to Gerald from Hey Arnold as simply "Arnold's friend". Not like he was an important character or anything!
Following that one is a video on new Marvel Legends figures based on the Marvel Cinematic Universe, and Chris' commentary makes it sound like he hasn't watched a single MCU movie.
It starts with him referring to Red Skull as "Red Hood", that's DC you fuck! Then he calls Ronan the Accuser "the villain from the second Thor movie". That was Malekith, and he looks nothing like Ronan. Ronan was the villain of Guardians of the Galaxy.
Then he shows a two-pack of Thor & Sif, and openly says he doesn't remember her name. I'll explain why this is bullshit soon.
Then he calls Yellow Jacket "the evil Ant-Man". Good lord, I know the MCU has a problem with creating memorable villains but you're not even trying!
The reason that Sif line, and really getting all these names wrong are complete bullshit, is that you can clearly see the names on the boxes! They're right behind the figures! How are you THIS terrible at this Chris? Is there something wrong with you?
Then a video on Lego sets (actual Lego, not the off-brand stuff) with cringy sketches involving his custom Lego Puppet Steve. He actually brought it with him just to do that... that is so lame.
He looks at $100 Harry Potter set, makes the old as fuck "Dumbledore is Gandalf" joke (that joke is old enough to have children), gets more things wrong like not recognizing Nearly Headless Nick or Professor Quirrel (you know, the villain of the first book & movie!) There's a reason these are problems I'll get into later...
"The cool spell hat" That's the Sorting Hat! Come on!
Then he shows Jurassic Park/World sets. The first one he refers to as "Manor house museum". Even though the box clearly says "Indoraptor Rampage at Lockwood Estate". He makes a terrible joke about the dinosaur bones being their "mummy". Even though those are Indoraptors, and the skeleton is a triceratops. You're not even trying!
He refers to the park security as "FBI agents". Unless there's FBI agents in the upcoming movie, then they're not FBI.
Then he looks at another set that he refers to as "Paradactyl Chase". Nooo it's called Pteranodon Chase, it says it right there on the box! Also, you don't pronounce the P in Pterodactyl or Pteranodon you hack.
Then another set that clearly has the Tyrannosaurus Rex, but he just refers to it as "dinosaurs". Come on Chris, the T-Rex is the mascot! You can't seriously be this lazy!
And now we get to the video that inspired me to make this post. One about new Pokemon toys. Bores and Pokemon, you know this will go well.
It all goes wrong when he refers to a Togetic figure as "full-grown Togepi". Just... wow. Not to mention wrong because Togetic isn't the final form anymore, it's Togekiss. Hell it's been Togekiss for 12 years now.
Then he refers to Marill as "Pikablu". What... year ... is it? I can't believe there's still someone that unironically uses Pikablu. Holy fuck.
Then he doesn't even try with Chinchou and Pidgey, simply calling them "this guy". You don't even know Pidgey? Come on!
Though he recognizes Staryu, he fails on Wurmple, Charjabug, Salandit, and Togedemaru.
Pichu is simply "the baby Pikachu", and he fails to name Larvitar and Pikipek
By the end of it, he doesn't even try to name Carvanha, Stufful, and Bounsweet.
Look, I get not knowing the Gen 7 Pokemon so easily, I would have trouble too as I have barely played the Gen 7 games (I found them so boring). But see I know how to do a little something called... research! If I don't know something, I look into it. And this is the problem I wanted to address with these videos.
They're very clearly done in post-production, with post-commentary and visual edits. This isn't the live stuff he tried during Toy Fair. Chris purposely recorded all these videos with misinformation, not caring if the name was on the box, or if the name could easily be looked up. He could have bothered to look up Togetic or Marill or Pidgey or all the Alola Pokemon, but he didn't even try. He could have double checked who these MCU characters were, or those Predacons, but he didn't lift a finger. This further showcases how Puppet Steve is nothing more than low effort garbage that acts as dangling keys for easily-entertained kids.
Chris as a content producer has completely given up. He's not even accomplishing the bare minimum. As awful as Irate Gamer was, at least there was a small sense of trying. It wasn't good, but at least you could somewhat tell he tried. This is Chris not even doing that. Does he no longer have pride in his own work? Or is this just shit to pay the bills because his ghost hunting garbage will never get off the ground.
EDIT: Seems I spoke too soon about interviews. He actually did one! But not as Puppet Steve. In fact, it's pretty clear that Steve is in there via green screen, and when it cuts to a close up of the interviewee, you see Chris' hand holding an iPhone (instead of a mic). When Steve is on screen, the interviewee is looking down. That must have been awkward. "Hey can I film you looking down at something even though nothing is there?" "Why?" "Just do it!"
Thursday, March 28, 2019
A May 2013 - Build A $1500 PC That Will Play Any Game
There are a few factors that will determine at what settings you can play a PC game at, however you won't have to worry about them with this PC build. This build comes with enough juice to play any game maxed out at resolutions all the way up to 2560x1600 - easily!
This $1500 build includes an Intel 3570K and an after market cooler to make it much easily to overclock. The graphics card included is a Radeon HD 7970 - the overclocked edition.
To top this off you get a 256Gb solid state drive to sue as a boot drive and get a total of 16GB of memory - yep a ton of memory most likely leaving you with no worries of upgrading for the lifespan of your build.
Original Article Source: http://newbcomputerbuild.com/gaming-pc-builds-of-the-month-2/gaming-pc-builds-may-2013/#1500-may-2013-pc-build
This $1500 build includes an Intel 3570K and an after market cooler to make it much easily to overclock. The graphics card included is a Radeon HD 7970 - the overclocked edition.
To top this off you get a 256Gb solid state drive to sue as a boot drive and get a total of 16GB of memory - yep a ton of memory most likely leaving you with no worries of upgrading for the lifespan of your build.
Original Article Source: http://newbcomputerbuild.com/gaming-pc-builds-of-the-month-2/gaming-pc-builds-may-2013/#1500-may-2013-pc-build
Open Systems Interconnection Model
Open Systems Interconnection model
0SI (Open System Interconnection) model depicts that how applications can communicate over a network.
Whenever we connect two or more computers to share information, we need to create a data network This data network uses several protocols during the data exchange process. OSI Layer model explains this process and used protocols in simple way by dividing it's in seven layers.
Why it was developed?
Before 1980, developing protocols was the responsibility of hardware manufactures.
They developed proprietary protocols to support their own products.
With proprietary protocols we were not able use mix equipment from different manufactures on same network to run a network we had to buy all devices from the same company. This entire method makes collaboration between different types of computers nightmare.
To sort out this issue, open standard protocols were developed.
Open standards are industry-wide protocol that are not tied with a specific manufacturer company. With open standard protocols, we can use equipment from any vendor to build our network
As long as the equipment implements the standard protocols.
With open standard protocols, networks can consist of many different computing platforms running entirely different software.
Protocols are implemented on a network in several ways. Some are integrated into the operating system. Others are device drivers, such as the driver for a particular network interface adapter supplied by its manufacturer.
Many organizations are involved in developing protocols for networking
· American National Standards Institute (ANSI).
· Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE:
· International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
· Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).
· World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).
Layers of OSI model: -
Application Layer:
Application layer provides platform to send and receive data over the network All applications and utilities that communicate with network fall in this layer.
For examples:
· Browsers: - Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer etc.
· Email clients: - Outlook Express, Mozilla Thunderbird etc.
· FTP clients: - FileZilla, sFTP
Application layer protocols that we should know: -
· SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) — Used to control the connected networking devices.
· TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) — Used to transfer the files rapidly.
· DNS (Domain Naming System)— Used to translate the name with IP address and vice versa.
· DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) — Used to assign IP address and DNS information automatically to hosts.
· Telnet— used to connect remote devices.
· HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) — Used to browse web pages.
· FTP (File Transfer Protocol) — Used to reliably sends/retrieves files.
· SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) — Used to sends email.
· POP3 (Post Office Protocol v.3) — Used to retrieves email.
· NTP (Network Time Protocol)— Used to synchronizes clocks.
Presentation Layer: -
· Presentation layer prepares the data.
· It takes data from application layer and marks it with formatting code.
· such as .doc, .jpg, .txt, .avi etc.
· These file extensions make it easy to realize that particular file is formatted with particular type of application.
· With formatting presentation layer also deals with compression and encapsulation.
· It compresses (on sending computer) and decompresses (on receiving computer) the data file.
· This layer can also encapsulate the data.
Session Layer: -
· Session layer deals with connections.
· It establishes, manages, and terminates sessions between two communicating nodes.
· This layer provides its services to the presentation layer.
· Session layer also synchronizes dialogue between the presentation layers of the two hosts and manages their data exchange.
· For example: - web servers may have many users communicating with server at a given time. Therefore, keeping track of which user communicates on which path is important and session layer handle this responsibility accurately.
Transport Layer: -
· It sets up and maintains the connection between two devices.
· It multiplexes connections that allow multiple applications to simultaneously send and receive data.
· Data transmission method can be use connection oriented or connection less.
· For unreliable data delivery its use connection less method.
· Connection less method uses UDP protocol.
· For reliable data delivery its use connection oriented method.
· Connection oriented method uses TCP protocol.
· Its layer is responsible for end-to-end message delivery with acknowledgments
· When Implemented a reliable connection, sequence numbers and acknowledgments (ACKs) are used.
· Reliable connection controls flow through the uses of windowing or acknowledgements.
· It receives data from the Session layer, convert the data into segments and passes it on to the Network layer.
· It's also provides Segmentation, Connection management Reliable and unreliable,
· data delivery, Flow control and Connection multiplexing.
Network Layer: -
· Network layer is responsible for providing logical address known as IP address.
· Router works on this layer.
· Network layer receive segment from transport layer and wrap it with IP header that is known as datagram.
· Main functions of this layer are following: -
· Define IP address
· It decides by which route data should take.
· It acts as a network controller. It manages the Subnet traffic.
Data Link Layer: -
· Defining the Media Access Control (MAC) or hardware addresses.
· Data link layer is responsible for synchronizes the information which is to be transmitted over the physical layer.
· Data link layer receive packet from network layer and wrap it with layer two Head'
· Transmitting and receiving data frames sequentially is done by this layer.
· This layer sends and expects acknowledgements for frames
· Re-sending of non-acknowledgement frames is also handled by this layer.
· This layer establishes a logical layer between two nodes.
Physical Layer: -
· It is the lowest layer of the OSI Model.
· Physical layer deals with communication media.
· This layer receive frame from data link layer and convert them in bits.
· It loads these bits on actual communication media.
· Depending on media type these bit values are converted in single.
· It activates, maintains and deactivates the physical connection.
· It is responsible for transmission and reception of the unstructured raw data over physical media.
· Voltages and data rates is defined in this layer.
· Data encoding is also done in this layer.
· It transmits the digital/analog bits into electrical signal or optical signals.
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