Open Systems Interconnection Model

                      Open Systems Interconnection model

0SI (Open System Interconnection) model depicts that how applications can communicate over a network.

Whenever we connect two or more computers to share information, we need to create a data network This data network uses several protocols during the data exchange process. OSI Layer model explains this process and used protocols in simple way by dividing it's in seven layers.

Why it was developed?

Before 1980, developing protocols was the responsibility of hardware manufactures.

They developed proprietary protocols to support their own products.

With proprietary protocols we were not able use mix equipment from different manufactures on same network to run a network we had to buy all devices from the same company. This entire method makes collaboration between different types of computers nightmare.

To sort out this issue, open standard protocols were developed.

Open standards are industry-wide protocol that are not tied with a specific manufacturer company. With open standard protocols, we can use equipment from any vendor to build our network

As long as the equipment implements the standard protocols.

With open standard protocols, networks can consist of many different computing platforms running entirely different software.

Protocols are implemented on a network in several ways. Some are integrated into the operating system. Others are device drivers, such as the driver for a particular network interface adapter supplied by its manufacturer.

Many organizations are involved in developing protocols for networking

·         American National Standards Institute (ANSI).

·         Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE:

·         International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

·         Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).

·         World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).

Layers of OSI model: -

Application Layer:

Application layer provides platform to send and receive data over the network All applications and utilities that communicate with network fall in this layer.

For examples:

·         Browsers: - Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer etc.

·         Email clients: - Outlook Express, Mozilla Thunderbird etc.

·         FTP clients: - FileZilla, sFTP

Application layer protocols that we should know: -

·         SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) — Used to control the connected networking devices.

·         TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) — Used to transfer the files rapidly.

·         DNS (Domain Naming System)— Used to translate the name with IP address and vice versa.

·         DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) — Used to assign IP address and DNS information automatically to hosts.

·         Telnet— used to connect remote devices.

·         HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) — Used to browse web pages.

·         FTP (File Transfer Protocol) — Used to reliably sends/retrieves files.

·         SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) — Used to sends email.

·         POP3 (Post Office Protocol v.3) — Used to retrieves email.

·         NTP (Network Time Protocol)— Used to synchronizes clocks.

Presentation Layer: -

·         Presentation layer prepares the data.

·         It takes data from application layer and marks it with formatting code.

·         such as .doc, .jpg, .txt, .avi etc.

·         These file extensions make it easy to realize that particular file is formatted with particular type of application.

·         With formatting presentation layer also deals with compression and encapsulation.

·         It compresses (on sending computer) and decompresses (on receiving computer) the data file.

·         This layer can also encapsulate the data.

Session Layer: -

·         Session layer deals with connections.

·         It establishes, manages, and terminates sessions between two communicating nodes.

·         This layer provides its services to the presentation layer.

·         Session layer also synchronizes dialogue between the presentation layers of the two hosts and manages their data exchange.

·         For example: -  web servers may have many users communicating with server at a given time. Therefore, keeping track of which user communicates on which path is important and session layer handle this responsibility accurately.

Transport Layer: -

·         It sets up and maintains the connection between two devices.

·         It multiplexes connections that allow multiple applications to simultaneously send and receive data.

·         Data transmission method can be use connection oriented or connection less.

·         For unreliable data delivery its use connection less method.

·         Connection less method uses UDP protocol.

·         For reliable data delivery its use connection oriented method.

·         Connection oriented method uses TCP protocol.

·         Its layer is responsible for end-to-end message delivery with acknowledgments

·         When Implemented a reliable connection, sequence numbers and acknowledgments (ACKs) are used.

·         Reliable connection controls flow through the uses of windowing or acknowledgements.

·         It receives data from the Session layer, convert the data into segments and passes it on to the Network layer.

·         It's also provides Segmentation, Connection management Reliable and unreliable,

·         data delivery, Flow control and Connection multiplexing.

Network Layer: -

·         Network layer is responsible for providing logical address known as IP address.

·         Router works on this layer.

·         Network layer receive segment from transport layer and wrap it with IP header that is known as datagram.

·         Main functions of this layer are following: -

·         Define IP address

·         It decides by which route data should take.

·         It acts as a network controller. It manages the Subnet traffic.

Data Link Layer: -

·         Defining the Media Access Control (MAC) or hardware addresses.

·         Data link layer is responsible for synchronizes the information which is to be transmitted over the physical layer.

·         Data link layer receive packet from network layer and wrap it with layer two Head'

·         Transmitting and receiving data frames sequentially is done by this layer.

·         This layer sends and expects acknowledgements for frames

·         Re-sending of non-acknowledgement frames is also handled by this layer.

·         This layer establishes a logical layer between two nodes.

Physical Layer: -

·         It is the lowest layer of the OSI Model.

·         Physical layer deals with communication media.

·         This layer receive frame from data link layer and convert them in bits.

·         It loads these bits on actual communication media.

·         Depending on media type these bit values are converted in single.

·         It activates, maintains and deactivates the physical connection.

·         It is responsible for transmission and reception of the unstructured raw data over physical media.

·         Voltages and data rates is defined in this layer.

·         Data encoding is also done in this layer.

·         It transmits the digital/analog bits into electrical signal or optical signals.

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The Art Of Video Games: Uncharted: Drake's Fortune

SPOILER ALERT!!! Minor spoilers for Uncharted: Drake's Fortune.

Video games were invented for the adventure genre. Instead of passively watching an action scene unfold, you play through it. This is why Uncharted: Drake's Fortune, is more engaging as a game than it ever would be on film, television, or the printed page. You become a part of the adventure itself.




Uncharted feels familiar and fresh at the same time, capturing enough of the spirit of classic adventures to make us cheer, but is not so  that it becomes cliche. It follows Nathan Drake, the descendant of the legendary voyager Sir Francis Drake, on his adventure in search of El Dorado, the City of Gold. Along for the ride with him are the elderly ladies' man Sully and the plucky reporter Elaine. Drake, however, also has to compete with more violent treasure hunters who want the gold as badly as he does.

Drake, as to be expected, is often compared with two of the most famous treasure hunters in modern fiction: Indiana Jones and Lara Croft. While one can't help but think of these two icons while playing Uncharted, Drake stands out differs from Jones and Croft insofar that he is more grounded in realism than in fantasy. Jones is an "archaeologist" who travels the world, battles Nazis, and sleeps with beautiful women. He's a fantasy figure who represents a nostalgia for the Republic serials of Old Hollywood and the Uncle Scrooge expeditions of Carl Barks. Croft is also a fantasy figure, but of a more modern sensibility. Born out of the "girl power" zeitgeist of the 1990's, Croft challenged the conventional roles of women in video games. An extreme athlete who, due to her great wealth, can afford to go on crazy treasure hunts around the world. Further, she's a gun-toting badass and a busty sex symbol. I suppose that I'd position Drake somewhere between these two.

Like Croft, Drake is a man of our times. His adventures lack the Old Hollywood romance of Indiana Jones. Nor is he an archaeologist like Jones, his intentions are purely for money. However, unlike Croft, Drake isn't a stylish badass. In fact, he's more of a wisecracking goofball, whose strongest parallels bring to mind the science-fiction characters Mal from Firefly and Starlord from Guardians of the Galaxy. (On a side note, Mal's actor, Nathan Fillion, played Drake in a fan film.) In the adventure genre, however, the closest you get is in Romancing The Stone's Jack T. Colton. While Colton isn't quite the joker Drake is, they're both troublesome rogues quick to make a buck and slow to rope in newcomers. In fact, Romancing The Stone as a whole bears a strong resemblance to Uncharted. They are both modern day treasure hunts through South American jungles where inexperienced blondes get intertwined with the hero, and have to learn on their feet. A major difference, of course, is that while Romancing The Stone was a straightforward run for the X, Uncharted adds the element of "lost civilizations" and mysticism present in the tales of Jones and Croft.

Nathan Drake, ultimately, is just a regular guy, or as far as one can be in a video game, and I wager that's part of his appeal. He shares in some of the basic human failings and limitations that the rest of us have, but carries enough moral decency to make us cheer him.

The gameplay of Uncharted has three major elements: exploration, puzzles, and firefights. Your adventures in Drake's Fortune take through the jungles of South America, an abandoned German military base, the ruins of a Spanish mission, and the ancient temples of El Dorado. Each of these spots is beautifully rendered with graphical detail. One can't help but appreciate the atomsphere of scouring the quiet glow of the old church or enjoy the smoothness in leaping from one stone pillar to the next or swinging from each vine. There were moments when I even felt like Spider-Man, scaling the walls at impossible heights. You get time to rest inbetween these dizzying moments in the various puzzles in the temples. They'll often require you to flip through Drake's notebook, picking up clues on solving the problems at hand. Not a high point, exactly, but compared to puzzles in other games, they're far less frustrating.

Then there's the fighting, which is similar to most shooter games. Unlike most shooters, though, you're limited to only two guns at a time, a smaller pistol-type and a larger semi-auto type. Some guns, like the shotgun, work great at close-range and are most effective at taking down armored enemies. They can only hold little ammo, however. The dragon sniper is perfect for dealing with faraway enemies, especially other snipers, but they're unwieldly at close-range. Sometimes, a good combo of punches is just what you need to do. You can also throw grenades, but enemies can throw those, too. Perhaps one of the more delightful turns in the combat is when you briefly find yourself in the middle of a zombie survival horror. First there was the dread that came when scouring the abandoned base, not knowing when a monster would come around the corner, then the tension of shooting down the swarms while Elaine brought down the escape rope. No doubt, Naughty Dog took notes on this level when they made The Last Of Us. I'd be remiss not to mention a pivotal part of the gameplay: reaction commands. There'll be times when you're, say, crossing a stone bridge, and suddenly, it gives way. If you don't press the right button quick enough, it could mean life or death. I quite enjoyed the use of them needed to confront the final boss.

Uncharted is a welcome addition to the pulp canon of adventure yarns, and remains more refreshing than many modern attempts at the genre by Hollywood. Drake became a mascot of the PS3 the same way the Croft before him became a mascot for the Playstation. He not only showed what could be done on the PS3 system, but also that video games can compete as one of the top formats for blockbuster heroics.

Download Just Dance 2019 For SWITCH

Download Just Dance 2019 For SWITCH

NSP | Update v1.0.1 | HACKED

Dance to your own beat with Just Dance® 2019, the ultimate dance game featuring 40 hot tracks from chart-topping hits to family favorites, including "Havana" by Camila Cabello, "Bang Bang Bang" by BIGBANG, "No Tears Left To Cry" by Ariana Grande, and many more! With a one-month trial of Just Dance Unlimited included, dance to more than 400 songs!

Your Just Dance experience is now personalized as the game learns your dancing habits and suggests content!

Experience eight exclusive choreographies created with the help of kids' development experts to encourage healthy movement.

Featuring seasonal and special-event content for an even more dynamic experience on a new curated homepage.

Platform

 

Nintendo Switch

Release Date

 

Oct 23, 2018

No. of Players

 

up to 6 players

Category

 

Music, Party, Training, Simulation

Publisher

 

Ubisoft

Developer

 

Ubisoft Paris / Ubisoft Pune / Ubisoft Shanghai

 DOWNLOAD LINKS

 DOWNLOAD NSP JUST DANCE: 

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Come And Play Oceanhorn 2 At GDC 18!

This year we travelled to a (not so) sunny San Francisco on Epic Games' invitation to show Oceanhorn 2 at the Unreal Engine venue at GDC 18. What an amazing opportunity! We prepared a great demo to show at the expo, so if you're an Oceanhorn fan, make sure to drop by and play the latest build of our game. You will also meet us, the developers, and have a chat!


Look at that! Our latest demo takes you to the Great Jungle of Pirta, where the Owru nation is divided by an old grudge. Will our heroes be able to unite the owrus and get them to join the fight against Mesmeroth's Dark Army.

Yes, I said heroes! One of the defining features of Oceanhorn 2 is the party members, who will be on your side through the adventure. Trin, the granddaughter of Arcadia's leader Archimedes and Gen, a mysterious robot wielding an old samurai weapon eki.

The game is still far from being finished, but it will be worth the wait!

Azul "Plays Thru" GreyElephant Gaming

De: Black Heart Might Be The Best Kabal

At first, I was afraid, I was petrified.

That's right folks, you heard it here first.  While I was balls deep in Flayed Skull in the beginning of all the rumors and previews, but now I think I might be some kind of Black Heart convert.  OK, hear me out, I can justify it I think.

Here is my reasoning:

• The 6+++ bonus literally affects everything, from flesh to metal, right from the get-go to the rest of the game.  You always have it.
• You don't need additional Archon tax to access the best Strategems, Warlord traits and artifacts in the book.  Instead of paying Archon tax, you're one step closer to buying a Warrior unit in a Venom.
• With the improvement to our weapons, our damage certainly went up for the points. However, one thing remains unchanged and that's our durability.  Spirit Stones on everything will help keep our important pieces alive longer so we don't attrition as hard.
• The Living Muse artifact makes that one Archon the single biggest damage amplifier in the codex (gives all Black Heart units within 6" of the Warlord re-roll 1s to Wound).  It affects every weapon type and is super good, but you have to walk around like a baller.

Just one little note about Writ of the Living Muse:  It's a huge damage amplifier but keeping everything that I can within 6" of the damn Archon might be a huge challenge.  It also makes that particular HQ a huge pain in everyone's ass and everyone is going to be gunning for him.  However, I'll just have to play him well and use all the long-range firepower that I have to really deliver some results in the opening phases of the game.  Otherwise, I'm kind of screwed!

Now when I look back at Flayed Skull, I think that the 3" extra move is the single best bonus it provides.  The re-roll 1s for Rapid Fire only really kick in with Splinter Rifles and if I'm not taking many Venoms or Warriors double-tapping, I'm not getting the best out of it.  The ignore cover part is also really nice since there's always some crap out there like CW Rangers, but I've been thinking back to all the 8th games where cover was game-changing.  Can't really think of times where it decided the game if I'm to be honest.

With that being said, I could argue that Agents of Vect and Labyrinthine Cunning was enough to win me over, but the sustained durability of all our units really did it for me.  Not paying additional Archon tax means that I can fit in more units and I think my next game will be full Kabal of the Black Heart.

Case in point, I'm going to roll with this in my Weds game this week:

2000 // 7 CP
Black Heart Battalion +3 CP

HQ:
Archon, Agonizer, Blaster = 91
Archon, VB, Blaster = 89

TROOP:
5x Warriors, Blaster = 47
Venom = 65
112

5x Warriors, Blaster = 47
Raider, Dark Lance = 85
132

10x Warriors, 2x Blaster, Dark Lance = 114
Raider, Dark Lance = 85
199

10x Warriors, 2x Blaster, Dark Lance = 114
Raider, Dark Lance = 85
199

10x Warriors, 2x Blaster, Dark Lance = 114
Raider, Dark Lance = 85
199

10x Warriors, 2x Blaster, Dark Lance = 114
Raider, Dark Lance = 85
199

HEAVY:
Ravager, 3x Dinsintegrators = 125
Ravager, 3x Dinsintegrators = 125
Ravager, 3x Dinsintegrators = 125

+++

Black Heart Air Wing +1 CP

FLYER:
Razorwing, 2x Dinsintegrators = 135
Razorwing, 2x Dinsintegrators = 135
Razorwing, 2x Dinsintegrators = 135

>>>

Firepower:
15 Disintegrators at BS3+
9 Dark Lances at BS3+
10 Blasters at BS3+
2 Blasters at BS2+
1 Splinter Cannon at BS3+
44 Splinter Rifles at BS3+
3 Razorwing Missiles at BS3+

If you look at the firepower arrangement of this list compared to the other ones I've poured out over the last couple of days, I think this is the most optimized and most balanced.  I got my command Raider where my Archons can go chill and I'm able to fit an extra Venom in there due to the points gained from not having a third detachment.  This also allowed me to take 4x full gunboats instead of the previous 3 while still having my 3/3 ratio of Ravagers and Razorwings.

I think tomorrow, I'll talk about shoving Wyches into someone's face at the start of the game because why not.  It only costs 160 points for 20 of them and Succubi are much cheaper now!

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